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\title{Positions in Academia:}
\subtitle{An Overview}
\author{\large ST 810A, Spring 2005}
\vspace*{0.2in}
\institution{\includegraphics[height=0.8cm]{deptlogo}}
\slideCaption{ST 810A, Spring 2005}

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\begin{document}

% Creates the title slide

\maketitle

%  Now start the rest of the slides


\overlays{8}{
\begin{slide}{Outline}
\begin{itemstep}
\item {\bf Why academia?}
\item {\bf Preparing for a career in academia}
\item {\bf Types of positions in academia}
\item {\bf Postdoctoral positions}
\item {\bf Tenure-track positions}
\item {\bf Non-tenure-track positions}
\item {\bf Survival skills: Balancing multiple responsibilities}
\item {\bf Discussion}
\end{itemstep}
\end{slide}
}

\begin{slide}[Dissolve]{Why academia?}

{\red Statistics:} A diverse profession, with options for Ph.D.
recipients in
\begin{itemize}
\item Industry, e.g., pharmaceutical, financial, manufacturing,\ldots
\item Government, e.g., research (EPA, NIH, national labs, etc.), regulatory
(FDA)
\citem {\blue Academia}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Why academia?}
{\red Each option offers its own mix of:} 
\begin{itemize}
\item Intellectual challenge
\item Pressure
\item Security 
\item Financial reward
\end{itemize}

\vspace*{0.2in}

{\red Here:} An overview of the opportunities and mix in {\blue academia}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Why academia?}

{\red Attractive features of positions in academia:} Variety
\begin{itemize}
\item Diverse set of responsibilities
\item Opportunity to teach
\item Opportunity to engage in research, set one's own research agenda
\item No ``boss'' or ``bottom line''
\item Flexibility of schedule
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Why academia?}

{\red Potential drawbacks of positions in academia:} Variety
\begin{itemize}
\item Diverse set of responsibilities
\item Opportunity to teach
\item Opportunity to engage in research, set one's own research agenda
\item No ``boss'' or ``bottom line''
\item Flexibility of schedule
\end{itemize}

\vspace*{0.1in}

{\blue $\Rightarrow$} \hspace{0.15in} {\red High expectations\ldots}

\vspace*{0.05in}

{\scriptsize \ldots and perhaps somewhat less of a financial reward
(although this is changing\ldots)}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Why academia?}

{\red For many people:} These are {\blue advantages} rather than drawbacks!
\begin{itemize}
\item Opportunity to be creative, contribute to the discipline and
science more generally, teach and work with students, \ldots

\item Opportunity to be ``one's own boss''
\end{itemize}

\vspace*{0.1in}

{\red Required:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Interest, motivation, excitement

\item \ldots and certain skills, many of which can be {\blue developed}
while still a student
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}[Dissolve]{Preparing for a career in academia}

{\red For a successful and {\blue enjoyable} career in an
academic environment:} Coursework
\begin{itemize}
\item Get the best, most thorough training you can

\item Don't just take ``easy'' courses: Challenge yourself 

\item Do not strive for an ``A'' but strive to {\blue deserve} an ``A''
by true mastery of the material

\item Completeness, thoroughness, precision, neatness in {\blue all} work

\citem {\blue Self-reliance} and {\blue timeliness}

\item Go the ``extra mile''\ldots

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Preparing for a career in academia}

{\red For a successful and {\blue enjoyable} career in an
academic environment:} Computing skills
\begin{itemize}
\item Modern statistical research and practice are inextricably linked
with computation!

\item The ``theoretical'' statistician is a {\blue thing of the past}

\item Proficiency using statistical software

\item Proficiency with a high-level computing language (e.g., {\tt C},
{\tt C++}, {\tt FORTRAN} even!)

\citem {\blue Experience}!
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Preparing for a career in academia}

{\red For a successful and {\blue enjoyable} career in an
academic environment:} Writing and speaking skills
\begin{itemize}
\item Write as much as possible!  Write homework solutions that could
be published!

\item Use projects and writing assignments as a genuine opportunity to 
practice and receive feedback

\item Attend {\blue all seminars}, observe techniques and speaking styles

\item Volunteer to give presentations!

\item Teach a course!
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Preparing for a career in academia}

{\red For a successful and {\blue enjoyable} career in an
academic environment:} Dissertation research
\begin{itemize}

\item This is not homework; {\blue YOU} are the researcher

\item Do the results seem correct?  Do not wait for your advisor to
decide

\item Take initiative, consider the next step, diagnose problems

\item Think about journals! Write papers!

\item Develop {\blue independence}

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Preparing for a career in academia}
{\red For a successful and {\blue enjoyable} career in an
academic environment:} Academic reputation
\begin{itemize}

\item Work with an advisor whose research interests are your interests,
and who is well-known for his/her research

\item Advisors enjoy working with students who are motivated, self-reliant,
and skilled, so strive to enhance your skills and independence! 

\item Letters of recommendation

\end{itemize}

\end{slide}


\begin{slide}{Preparing for a career in academia}
{\red Main message:}
\begin{itemize}

\item Evolve out of ``{\blue student mode}'' and into 
``{\blue professional mode}''

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Types of positions in academia}

{\red In our Department:} Most faculty hold ``classic'' {\blue
tenure-track} positions

\vspace*{0.1in}

{\red However:} There are also other types of positions in an academic
setting
\begin{itemize}
\citem {\blue Postdoc}

\citem {\blue Non-tenure track}

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}


\begin{slide}{Postdoctoral positions}

{\red An intermediate step:}
\begin{itemize}
\item A postdoctoral position in academia allows one to ``get one's
feet wet'' without the full responsibilities of a standard faculty
position

\item An opportunity to hone skills, develop more independence,
write/submit/resolve dissertation papers

\item May involve exclusively research, possibly some teaching

\item May lead to new research directions

\item Typically 1--3 years
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Postdoctoral positions}
{\red Other disciplines:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Postdocs are common or a {\blue required} step 

\item In some disciplines, two or three postdocs (2--3 years each) are the
{\blue norm}

\item Will almost never lead to a faculty position at the same institution


\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Postdoctoral positions}
{\red Statistics:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Not required

\item Not common, but more and more available

\item A good choice if one wants more time to gain experience, improve
skills, broaden background

\citem {\blue Not} an extension of graduate school

\item Can lead (for strong candidates) to faculty position at same institution
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Postdoctoral positions}
{\red Harvard School of Public Health postdoctoral fellowships (2004):}
\begin{quote}
``{\small Postdoctoral Fellowships, Department of Biostatistics,
Harvard School of Public Health.  Fellows will engage in
methodological research and participate in collaborative research in
AIDS, the environment, cancer, chronic disease epidemiology, or
statistical genetics.  Some positions require U.S. citizenship or
permanent residency. Send CV and names of three references to\ldots}''
\end{quote}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}[Dissolve]{Tenure-track positions}

\vspace*{-0.15in}
{\red What is tenure?} From the NCSU Policies, Regulations, and Rules
\begin{quote}
``{\small The purpose of academic tenure is to promote and protect the academic
freedom of the faculty.  It also assists the University in attracting
and retaining faculty members of high quality.  Academic tenure refers
to the conditions and guarantees that apply to a faculty member's
employment, in particular the protection from involuntary discharge
from, or termination of, employment, and from imposition of serious
sanctions, except upon grounds and in accordance with procedures set
forth in sections 7 and 8 of this policy.}''
\end{quote}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}

{\red Tenure provides:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Job security

\item Freedom to pursue one's interests, creativity
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}


{\red Getting tenure requires:} Excellence in
\begin{itemize}
\item Research -- {\blue publications} and {\blue grants}!

\item Teaching -- innovations, evaluations

\item Consulting/Collaboration

\item Service -- meaningful contributions to department administration
and profession (e.g., serving on admissions, exam committees;
organizing sessions at conferences; participating in department
initiatives)
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}
{\red In most US universities:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Assistant ${\blue \Rightarrow}$ Associate ${\blue \Rightarrow}$
Full Professor

\item Assistant professor is a {\blue non-tenured} position

\item Evaluation takes place in sixth year: ``Promotion package''

\item Personal statement, letters from researchers in one's area
({\blue critical}, teaching evaluation, grant activity

\citem {\blue Not automatic}
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}
{\red In most US universities:} 11 month basis
\begin{itemize}
\item Typical position is 9 months (academic year), no salary in summer

\item Summer salary: {\blue Grants}, summer school, outside consulting

\item NCSU: Some faculty still have 11 month positions

\item Biostatistics: Typical position may be 50\% supported; remainder
from grants, projects
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}


\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}
{\red The road to tenure:} Starting {\blue any} professional job is hard;
added pressures
\begin{itemize}
\item Six-year horizon to promotion

\item Multiple responsibilities, finite time!

\item First-time teaching; lots of time

\item Balancing research/teaching/service

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}
{\red The road to tenure:} Benefits in first few years
\begin{itemize}
\item Reduced teaching responsibility

\item Summer salary

\item  Mentorship
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Tenure-track positions}
{\red Rewards:} 
\begin{itemize}
\item Flexibility

\item Chance to be creative, effect change

\item Chance to work with students 

\item Personal satisfaction
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}[Dissolve]{Non-tenure-track positions}
{\red In addition:} There are many positions in academia that {\blue do not}
accrue tenure
\begin{itemize}
\item Contract basis

\item Lecturer, instructor: renewable position focused on teaching

\item Clinical/Research track: renewable appointments with primary
focus on teaching or collaboration

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}


\begin{slide}{Non-tenure-track positions}

\vspace*{-0.15in}
{\red NCSU Clinical assistant professor positions (last year):} 
\begin{quote}
``{\tiny The Department invites applications for TWO non-tenure track
positions at the Assistant Professor level starting August 2003. The
initial appointment is for five years.  Based on performance, the
positions are renewable, and promotions in rank are possible. These
positions provide an excellent opportunity for statisticians with a
strong interest in teaching and developing pedagogical methods at a
Research I university.  Primary responsibility of each position is to
teach four courses a semester.  Service to the profession and to the
department, especially in the areas of statistics education, is
encouraged.  Depending on the service and research interests of the
candidate, the teaching load may be adjusted to three courses in a
given semester.}''
\end{quote}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Non-tenure-track positions}

\vspace*{-0.15in}
{\red Boston University School of Public Health (2004):}
\begin{quote}
``{\tiny The Boston University Department of Health Services/Center
for Health Quality, Outcomes, and Economic Research (CHQOER), Veterans
Affairs in Bedford, MA is recruiting a Statistician/Biostatistician at
the level of Assistant or Associate Professor.  The position involves
independent methodological research, collaborative work with health
services research teams, and occasional teaching assignments and work
with health services graduate students.  The faculty in the Department
of Health Services/CHQOER are a multidisciplinary group of clinicians,
economists, psychologists, sociologists, health services researchers,
and statisticians.}''
\end{quote}

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Survival skills: Balancing multiple responsibilities}
{\red The hardest part:} For new assistant professors, {\blue time 
management} is key -- mentors, colleagues can help
\begin{itemize}
\item Get a clear understanding of expectations for one's time

\item Get a clear understanding of relative importance of activities

\item Get a clear understanding of evaluation process for promotion

\item Learn that one can say {\blue no}
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Survival skills: Balancing multiple responsibilities}
{\red The hardest part:} Doing what one {\blue should} do rather than
{\blue can} do
\begin{itemize}
\item Easy to focus on teaching -- deadlines, student expectations,
it's fun!

\item Easy to put research ``on the back burner'' -- no deadlines,
outcome not guaranteed, temporary setbacks can be frustrating

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Survival skills: Balancing multiple responsibilities}
{\red Some tips:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Set off time for one's own interests and guard it!

\item Work at home if distractions are too tempting

\item Do not procrastinate; you will feel overwhelmed later

\item Seek advice from senior colleagues

\item Relax and have fun!  
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Discussion}
\begin{itemize}

\item A career in academia can be rewarding, fascinating, challenging

\item Chance to {\blue make a difference} with students, direction of
the discipline

\citem {\blue Required:} Motivation, independence, willingness to work hard

\citem {\blue Advice:} Start preparing now!

\end{itemize}
\end{slide}


\end{document}